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So my name is David. I'm a researcher here at the University of California, Berkeley.
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I've been asked by others to help improve a piece of software for people like you, who are journalists.
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I'm not one of the ones who wrote this software, so you don't have to worry about offending me.
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We're trying to make this software as usable as possible.
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So, in particular, we want your help in identifying any parts that are difficult or confusing to use.
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OK.
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So what we're going to do is ask you to perform what's called a "cognitive walkthrough",
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so as you step through these tasks, I want you to speak out loud, and explain what you're doing,
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so if you see something that's unclear, you should say out loud what it is.
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OK.
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Before you do something, you should say what you expect to happen, when that happens.
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And if something is surprising, you say, "This is surprising, what I expected was this, and what happened was this."
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OK.
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I'm going to try to interfere as little as possible.
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I'll be here just to observe.
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I'll be able to ask some questions, but mainly I want you to work through things
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as you would if you were on your own trying to use this software.
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So in particular, don't wait for my feedback to move on with the tasks.
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Now I'm going to give you a short example of a cognitive walkthrough, using unrelated piece of software,
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just to show you the kind of interaction that we're looking for.
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So I'm going to begin,
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and say that my task is to
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open up a painting program and draw a red hexagon.
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So, I'm looking at the desktop here,
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I'm not sure how to find a painting program,
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so here I'm demonstrating what I'm thinking as I go through this process.
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So, I think I would start with this,
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magnifying glass usually means search,
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so I click on the magnifying glass,
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and see if we can find something that does a painting program.
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And "Paintbrush" seems pretty good so I'll try that.
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All right, this is, I think what I'm looking for.
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Now it's asking me for the size of the image, it looks like.
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And, it kind of surprises me that I have to choose this in the beginning and I wonder if I could change this later if I needed to.
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It's not exactly sure, so I don't know what to do, I'm just going to hit enter.
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And now the window got a little bit bigger and I don't really know what that means,
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I'm guessing it sized to the size I just put in there.
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So if I want to draw a hexagon,
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first it has to be red, so
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this looks to me like it will change the color.
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And, I guess "Maraschino" counts as red?
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I don't know if there's really a red.
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That, that's probably close enough.
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We'll try that.
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And, to draw a shape,
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okay, that looks like I can draw. Now I wonder if I can undo that.
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If I was going to undo something, probably "Edit",
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"Undo drawing", this looks like it works.
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OK, good.
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Now I'm checking to see if I can have a hexagon.
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This looks like a square.
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There's tooltips I see that's telling me what each button is going to do.
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But I don't have one that draws a hexagon.
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So, I wonder if I can do it with the line tool.
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Let's try the line tool.
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Click, and click again.
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And that did not do what I wanted.
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I wanted it to draw a line between those two points, and it didn't do it.
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So I'm going to undo,
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and this time I'm going to try dragging.
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OK, and that looks like it's what I want.
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All right, this is pretty easy. I know it's not going to be a great hexagon,
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but I think it's the best I can do.
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And now I've used paint programs before where the paint bucket means to fill it in.
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So I'm going to try that, and that worked.
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Beautiful.
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Right. So this is what I'm hoping to have you do is, as you go through each step,
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some of it might be unfamiliar, and some of it is, may not be easy to be use.
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But just talk, explain what you're thinking about as best you can.
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All right, so,
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we'll put this...
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Uh, "Don't save".
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All right.
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Now I have a list of the tasks that you'll be doing.
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Over the next 45 minutes or so.
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It's going to be downloading a piece of software and then doing some simple tasks with it.
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And I'll be here to give you some guidance but I'm going to try as much as possible to let you discover how to do things yourself.
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Do you have any questions before we get started?
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No.
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OK, great, so go ahead and start doing this in, however you would normally do this, if you were doing this at home.
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OK, and like, say what I'm doing?
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Sure. Yeah, yeah. Right.
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OK. I'm going to use Chrome, because that's what I use at home.
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I'm just going to open it up, and I'm going to
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type in "download tor" because that's what I'm supposed to do.
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And I'm going to click on the first one, because,
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at the top, which is "Download Tor",
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and I'm on Apple, so I'm going to click on this,
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and then I'm going to click "Download Tor Browser",
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because it looks like I should click there, because it is purple.
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No, not because it's purple, but...
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OK. [Laughter.]
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What makes you, what makes it look like you should click on it?
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Because it has that little cloud with the arrow.
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and you can't click anywhere else to download.
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And now I'm waiting for it to download.
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OK.
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And we'll let this go, but as it's going, explain the experience that you just did.
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Is this, work the way you expected it to, to do the search and then arrive at this page?
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Yes.
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Am I supposed to comment on anything, while it's downloading?
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Just, yeah if there's anything that comes out to you, or if there's anything on the screen that you notice.
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I notice it has a warning thing that says "Want Tor to really work?"
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"You need to change some of your habits, as some things won't work exactly as you are used to.
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Please read the full list of warnings."
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I'm sort of tempted to read the full list of warnings.
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Am I, am I not supposed to, or can I...?
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Yeah, if this is what you would normally do when you see that, then yeah, go ahead and do it.
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OK. I'm going to click on it.
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But this is a lot of text and I don't really want to read it all.
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"Use the Tor Browser", "Don't torrent over Tor",
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"Don't enable or install browser plugins",
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"Use HT—", blah blah, I don't know what that actually means,
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"HTTPS versions of...", oh, you actually type in the "https".
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"Don't open documents downloaded through Tor while online."
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"Don't open documents downloaded through Tor..."
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That doesn't make sense to me.
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But I'll just pay attention because it's in capitals and it's like they're yelling at me
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so I'll just not do it, that.
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"Use bridges and/or find company."
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OK.
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OK. Now I'm going to go back. Oh, I don't have to go back.
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Just, here.
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OK.
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And now, by the time I do that, it's downloaded. So now I'm going to click on it, because
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that's what I would usually do,
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and it says "Opening Tor Browser...", "Finishing..."
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"Tor Browser", so I'm going to put it...
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I'm going to click the thing and put it in the thing.
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[Laughter.]
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Click the Tor Browser and put it in the Applications.
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OK. "'Copying "TorBrowser app" to "Applications"...'"
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OK. Now it's like next to my Chess, or something.
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I don't know if it's there, yeah, I'm going to do this, so it's easier to see.
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OK. And now I have it here in the Applications.
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So I downloaded it, it's installed, I think.
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And "Configure Tor". I don't actually know what that means, but I'm going to click on it.
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Sure.
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"'TorBrowser' can't be opened because the identity of the developer cannot be confirmed.
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Your security preference allow installation of only apps from the Mac App Store and identified developers."
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OK, I guess I'm going to click,
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I'm going to click the question mark because I don't actually know what they're talking about.
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"The app has been modified...", blah blah blah.
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"The original..."
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OK so I have to go to Apple menu, "System Preferences", click "Security & Privacy", then click "Privacy".
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Oh, this is annoying. I would maybe normally stop now.
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OK.
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[Laughter.] But...
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That's good, you're doing a good job explaining motivations.
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So, this is a lot to read and I have to go do a bunch of other stuff in order to do it.
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So, now I'm annoyed, but, because it says what I have to do, then I'm going to try to do it.
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"Apple menu", "System Preferences"...
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Ah, I can't see my window.
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OK. "Apple menu", "System Preferences", "Security..."
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Oh, here. "Security & Privacy".
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Then click "Privacy".
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"Open the General pane of Security & Privacy preferences".
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Oh, I could have just clicked there and done it. That's annoying too.
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I guess I should read everything before I start clicking things.
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OK now I am confused because I don't know if I'm supposed to click over here and they're just going to...
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Oh. OK. So...
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Oh. OK. Now "Allow apps downloaded from anywhere".
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Oh that's not that difficult, except,
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I'm clicking on it and it's not doing anything.
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Oh, I have to click over here maybe.
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Is that OK that I'm just...
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Oh, yeah...
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OK. So I'm going to say over here, "OK" and then I'm going to see, oh, "Open Anyway".
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Oh OK, so I'm going to say "Open Anyway".
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"Tor Browser is an application downloaded from the Internet..." Yeah blah blah. OK "Open".
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I just didn't really want to read it all. But I know what it means, I think.
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Right.
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OK. "Which of the following best describes your situation?"
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"I would like to connect directly to the Tor network. This will work in most situations."
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"This computer's Internet connection is censored or proxied. I need to configure bridge or proxy settings."
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I don't really know.
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"Before you connect to the Tor network, you need to provide information about this computer's Internet connection."
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What? I don't know what is happening, so I'm just going to choose the first one.
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Oh wait no, I'm supposed to configure it.
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I'm supposed to configure Tor.
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OK, so I'm going to click "Configure", but I don't know what that...
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"Does this computer need to use a proxy to access the Internet?"
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"If you are not sure how to answer, look at the Internet settings in another browser to see whether it is configured to use a proxy."
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Oh, I don't even know what they're talking about now.
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OK, so "If you are not sure how to answer this question, look at the Internet settings—OK—the Internet settings,
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in another browser".
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OK, I think I have to go to my settings.
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I don't actually know what I'm doing, but I'm going to go to my settings.
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"Whether it is configured to use a proxy", OK.
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I'm looking for the Internet settings...
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OK, now I'm feeling dumb because I don't see the Internet settings.
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Oh, "Network", is that what it is?
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OK. Not that.
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I'm looking at the network stuff.
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I don't think this is what I'm actually supposed to do.
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So, now I'm going to close it,
197
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or I'm going to go back.
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OK, now I'm going back to the, what they're asking me.
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"Does this computer need to use a proxy to access the Internet?"
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I think no.
201
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So I'm just going to continue.
202
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"Does your Internet Service Provider block or otherwise censor connections to the Tor network?"
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Not that I know of.
204
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OK. "If I'm unsure how to answer this question, choose No."
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OK, great. "Connect".
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And now I'm waiting.
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So what do you expect is happening now, based on what you see?
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I think they're establishing a connection to the Tor network based on, it says,
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"Please wait while we establish a connection".
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OK, so now, "Congratulations! Browser is configured to use Tor.
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You are now free to browse the Internet anonymously."
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"Test Tor Network Settings."
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I want to click on that, because it says "Test".
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"Congratulations. This browser is configured..."
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"Your IP address appears to be..."
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OK, I'm not going to donate right now.
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I'm going to go back,
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and now I'm going to see what I'm supposed to be doing.
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Oh, I checked that it was working.
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"Do a web search for 'onions'."
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So I'm just going to click in here,
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because it has a little magnifying glass,
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and I'm going to type "onions".
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Okay, that's good, you don't have to go any farther on that one...
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[Laughter.] OK.
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Is this, is what just happened, is that what you expected?
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Is there anything surprising about this?
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It's a tiny bit slow, but I know that
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because Tor is like bouncing off other things,
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that it's supposed to be a tiny bit slow, but it's not like uncomfortably slow.
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Somehow this, the fact, this somehow looks strange to me,
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and my initial reaction was Startpage, why are we at, why are they telling me that this is at Startpage?
233
00:16:38,616 --> 00:16:39,498
I don't know why.
234
00:16:40,024 --> 00:16:42,246
But OK, great. Startpage.
235
00:16:44,099 --> 00:16:44,499
OK.
236
00:16:46,993 --> 00:16:48,149
OK, then,
237
00:16:49,029 --> 00:16:49,847
All right, you can do the next one.
238
00:16:50,520 --> 00:16:53,035
The next one? OK. "Find a YouTube video for 'Ode to Joy'."
239
00:16:53,732 --> 00:16:58,398
I'm going to go... Initially I was confused if I should type it in here or in here.
240
00:16:59,126 --> 00:17:00,417
I'm just going to type it in here.
241
00:17:01,044 --> 00:17:05,191
I'm going to type in "youtube 'ode to joy'".
242
00:17:17,019 --> 00:17:19,138
OK. I see Beethoven, Ode to Joy.
243
00:17:21,651 --> 00:17:22,564
Should I click it?
244
00:17:23,117 --> 00:17:24,367
Yeah, go ahead through, go ahead through to it.
245
00:17:31,759 --> 00:17:33,909
"A plugin is needed to display this content."
246
00:17:34,585 --> 00:17:35,618
Oh, no.
247
00:17:42,766 --> 00:17:44,980
It's like a tiny bit slow maybe.
248
00:17:49,994 --> 00:17:51,124
Should I...
249
00:17:51,775 --> 00:17:53,597
And I wonder if I have any audio. Oh, there it goes.
250
00:17:58,067 --> 00:18:01,503
So explain to me what's going on now, if you notice anything unusual.
251
00:18:02,397 --> 00:18:10,021
OK, it's like starting and stopping, but my computer does that at home because I don't have a good Internet connection,
252
00:18:10,652 --> 00:18:13,289
so I'm just going to pause it, wait for it to load.
253
00:18:14,140 --> 00:18:17,105
And then it's saying, "Experiencing interruptions? Find out why."
254
00:18:17,484 --> 00:18:23,113
I don't really, I think it's just slow to load, so I'm just going to not find out why.
255
00:18:25,490 --> 00:18:29,307
I wonder if it will load.
256
00:18:31,825 --> 00:18:34,941
Now I'm going to press play again.
257
00:18:37,593 --> 00:18:39,201
Oh yeah, it is loading.
258
00:18:42,596 --> 00:18:47,108
OK. Good. And we're not going to watch through the whole video.
259
00:18:47,797 --> 00:18:49,007
OK.
260
00:18:51,712 --> 00:18:53,099
Good. Now, number 7.
261
00:18:54,354 --> 00:18:58,124
"Use 'New Identity' under the onion menu."
262
00:18:58,480 --> 00:19:02,786
OK, I think I'm going to go back... Oh. Then I see this onion
263
00:19:03,526 --> 00:19:05,259
and I'm going to click "New Identity".
264
00:19:06,515 --> 00:19:08,974
OK, so then it starts it over again?
265
00:19:09,673 --> 00:19:12,016
Right, so I want, explain what you think just happened.
266
00:19:13,048 --> 00:19:16,269
I think it basically like closed everything and then reopened.
267
00:19:17,900 --> 00:19:18,663
OK.
268
00:19:19,215 --> 00:19:25,500
Like, like, I think that it restarted a new, uh, connection. [Gesturing.]
269
00:19:26,339 --> 00:19:28,019
OK. [Laughter.]
270
00:19:29,226 --> 00:19:32,653
So that it wouldn't, no one would be able to see like, the fact that I,
271
00:19:33,436 --> 00:19:39,326
the same person had clicked on the series of, like, searched for "onions" and then "Ode to Joy".
272
00:19:40,491 --> 00:19:43,878
OK. So now, you saw the onion one.
273
00:19:44,498 --> 00:19:48,604
I want you to go through the toolbar, and you can explore them a little bit.
274
00:19:49,547 --> 00:19:53,260
Explain to me what each of these things means to you, what you think they control.
275
00:19:53,915 --> 00:19:55,172
Like from here to here?
276
00:19:55,653 --> 00:19:56,401
Yeah.
277
00:19:56,843 --> 00:20:01,051
Oh, OK. "Forbid Scripts Globally (advised)".
278
00:20:01,859 --> 00:20:04,892
I have no idea.
279
00:20:05,317 --> 00:20:07,000
"Forbid scripts".
280
00:20:07,499 --> 00:20:08,963
Should I click, can I click on it?
281
00:20:09,453 --> 00:20:10,480
Yeah, you can click on it. You can explore it.
282
00:20:11,269 --> 00:20:13,534
OK. I'm going to click on it.
283
00:20:14,025 --> 00:20:17,574
OK. Now I have a...
284
00:20:20,682 --> 00:20:29,421
OK. So maybe to be super secure you are forbidding, like, automatic scripts to run.
285
00:20:29,998 --> 00:20:31,630
I don't actually know what "scripts" means.
286
00:20:34,205 --> 00:20:38,118
But, there's a little... What's that thing called?
287
00:20:39,739 --> 00:20:41,298
I don't know what it's called either.
288
00:20:41,836 --> 00:20:45,944
Circle with a cross through it, which means that's not happening.
289
00:20:47,560 --> 00:20:51,520
OK. "Permanent 'Allow' commands in private windows".
290
00:20:52,612 --> 00:20:54,044
I don't know what that means either.
291
00:20:54,502 --> 00:20:56,255
"Options...".
292
00:20:58,462 --> 00:21:01,458
OK, this looks like advanced things.
293
00:21:02,461 --> 00:21:04,172
Oh, look, it's under "Advanced". [Laughter.]
294
00:21:07,037 --> 00:21:09,097
OK, so there's like general stuff,
295
00:21:11,109 --> 00:21:13,115
"Top-level sites by default".
296
00:21:14,510 --> 00:21:16,790
I just have no idea what any of this means.
297
00:21:17,417 --> 00:21:21,833
"Whitelist". OK, maybe like blacklist, but opposite?
298
00:21:22,632 --> 00:21:24,048
But I don't know what that means.
299
00:21:25,554 --> 00:21:28,505
"You can specify which web sites are allowed to execute scripts."
300
00:21:28,916 --> 00:21:32,789
OK, so maybe scripts are something that web sites automatically do.
301
00:21:36,936 --> 00:21:39,029
And you don't want them to.
302
00:21:42,617 --> 00:21:44,703
OK, so you could put... Oh, I get it.
303
00:21:45,273 --> 00:21:51,023
So these are the ones you would put in if you're like, OK, it's OK if these websites do whatever they want to do.
304
00:21:52,056 --> 00:21:53,807
"Embeddings".
305
00:21:59,367 --> 00:22:03,162
OK, these are just advanced ways of restricting untrusted sites, I believe.
306
00:22:03,963 --> 00:22:05,346
Like, that's what it says.
307
00:22:06,031 --> 00:22:07,550
"Appearance".
308
00:22:09,977 --> 00:22:11,887
"Status bar label", "Contextual menu"...
309
00:22:14,715 --> 00:22:16,508
OK.
310
00:22:17,402 --> 00:22:20,156
Lots of appearance things.
311
00:22:21,311 --> 00:22:25,089
I don't, I actually have no idea what most of these, I don't know really what this means at all.
312
00:22:26,394 --> 00:22:27,834
"Notifications".
313
00:22:28,471 --> 00:22:31,239
"Show messages about blocked scripts". OK, that makes sense.
314
00:22:31,882 --> 00:22:33,839
"Place messages at the bottom".
315
00:22:34,268 --> 00:22:36,730
I don't know what "XSS, question mark" means.
316
00:22:37,238 --> 00:22:40,881
"Show message about blocked M-E-T-A redirections".
317
00:22:41,682 --> 00:22:43,404
I don't know.
318
00:22:43,913 --> 00:22:46,038
OK, "Advanced".
319
00:22:46,467 --> 00:22:49,327
Other stuff I have no idea what it means. I'll just say...
320
00:22:50,797 --> 00:22:56,641
OK. If you could, what, if you could summarize your understanding of everything that's behind that button, what would it be?
321
00:22:57,416 --> 00:22:59,153
Advanced security settings.
322
00:22:59,561 --> 00:23:00,580
OK.
323
00:23:01,534 --> 00:23:05,566
Yeah. And then, should I go to this?
324
00:23:06,477 --> 00:23:07,295
Yeah, do the next one. Yeah.
325
00:23:07,855 --> 00:23:13,661
The onion... OK, so these also look like different settings.
326
00:23:14,469 --> 00:23:17,865
First one says "New Identity" and I already clicked on that
327
00:23:18,891 --> 00:23:20,721
so I sort of think I know what it means.
328
00:23:21,148 --> 00:23:25,628
"Cookie Protections". I sort of know what that means, too.
329
00:23:26,574 --> 00:23:29,371
I'll click on it to see what they then say.
330
00:23:31,428 --> 00:23:34,645
Oh, I... OK. "Remove all but protected..."
331
00:23:35,088 --> 00:23:37,183
"Protect New Cookies." "Do Not Protect New Cookies."
332
00:23:37,922 --> 00:23:41,892
That confuses me, because... "Prot—"
333
00:23:42,934 --> 00:23:46,419
Because I think I would want to... "Prot—" What?
334
00:23:47,282 --> 00:23:49,220
Protect new cookies from what?
335
00:23:49,703 --> 00:23:53,170
"Do Not Protect New Cook—". I don't know. I'm getting confused.
336
00:23:55,821 --> 00:23:57,269
Like, OK.
337
00:23:57,711 --> 00:24:00,230
"Do Not Protect New Cookies".
338
00:24:01,920 --> 00:24:04,325
I don't know. OK. I'm going to click OK.
339
00:24:08,397 --> 00:24:10,505
OK. "Preferences".
340
00:24:13,509 --> 00:24:18,796
OK. So, if I want to use proxy settings,
341
00:24:19,757 --> 00:24:23,287
and more security settings.
342
00:24:23,987 --> 00:24:26,626
"Don't record browsing history or website..."
343
00:24:27,209 --> 00:24:28,719
"Disable browser plugins...",
344
00:24:29,221 --> 00:24:30,724
"Restrict third-party cookies...", OK.
345
00:24:31,582 --> 00:24:34,700
"Change details that distinguish you from other Tor...", OK.
346
00:24:37,775 --> 00:24:41,368
Do you know of any reason, from reading those options, why you would go to this screen?
347
00:24:42,257 --> 00:24:43,643
Would you have a reason to?
348
00:24:44,738 --> 00:24:52,920
Um, if you don't want your browser history to be...
349
00:24:53,538 --> 00:24:56,416
"Don't record browser history..." Wait.
350
00:24:58,446 --> 00:25:00,207
Now I'm also getting...
351
00:25:00,682 --> 00:25:06,858
I was going to say, if you don't want your browser history to be recorded, but this says
352
00:25:07,499 --> 00:25:11,239
"Don't record browser history". Oh, OK, yeah. So if you click it then...
353
00:25:13,602 --> 00:25:15,577
"Don't record browser history".
354
00:25:17,210 --> 00:25:19,401
Oh, OK, so then, oh I get it.
355
00:25:19,916 --> 00:25:22,696
So yeah, you're in the private browsing mode.
356
00:25:23,827 --> 00:25:26,603
So if you don't want, if you're researching Iran,
357
00:25:27,276 --> 00:25:31,605
and you are searching a bunch of things, you don't want the government, or whoever,
358
00:25:33,107 --> 00:25:37,913
to be skeptical of your purposes for researching Iran,
359
00:25:38,378 --> 00:25:42,874
then you can just search through private browsing mode.
360
00:25:50,141 --> 00:25:51,940
I don't really know about the other ones.
361
00:25:52,375 --> 00:25:57,031
"Restrict third-party cookies", "Change details that distinguish you from other Tor Browser users"...
362
00:25:58,318 --> 00:26:03,709
Oh, if you want to remain anonymous within your searching, I guess.
363
00:26:04,895 --> 00:26:05,976
OK.
364
00:26:06,521 --> 00:26:10,763
OK. So if you could summarize, what do you think that onion button is for, in general?
365
00:26:11,881 --> 00:26:14,983
366
00:26:17,659 --> 00:26:22,603
Oh, the onion as a whole. Like, maintaining anonym—, anon— [Laughter.]
367
00:26:23,663 --> 00:26:24,554
Yeah, anony—
368
00:26:25,141 --> 00:26:26,405
Anonymity.
369
00:26:26,959 --> 00:26:30,251
That word! Yeah, wow. Oh my gosh.
370
00:26:30,671 --> 00:26:34,864
Yeah, and like the settings of your Tor Browser, I guess.
371
00:26:35,800 --> 00:26:36,963
OK.
372
00:26:37,588 --> 00:26:41,077
And the rest of the things in the top here, what,
373
00:26:41,451 --> 00:26:44,448
some of them may be more familiar, but what do you, what does each of them do?
374
00:26:46,643 --> 00:26:50,818
I would think that you can like type in a web address here.
375
00:26:51,673 --> 00:26:52,818
OK.
376
00:26:53,394 --> 00:26:56,963
And refresh, "Reload current page",
377
00:26:57,554 --> 00:27:01,848
and then search for something with this little magnifying glass,
378
00:27:02,458 --> 00:27:07,160
or the Startpage. Or, search, I guess, using the Startpage.
379
00:27:12,061 --> 00:27:16,164
And the, one more here, do you know what this one does?
380
00:27:16,916 --> 00:27:22,844
I don't know.
381
00:27:23,823 --> 00:27:24,839
Oh, OK. Yeah.
382
00:27:26,385 --> 00:27:32,714
"Print", "Save", "New Window", "Bookmarks", "History", "Find",
383
00:27:33,079 --> 00:27:36,741
"Developer", "Add-ons", "Preferences", "Downloads"...
384
00:27:38,877 --> 00:27:41,296
Yeah.
385
00:27:41,914 --> 00:27:44,166
Like all the general...
386
00:27:44,663 --> 00:27:45,740
Sure, right right.
387
00:27:47,271 --> 00:27:48,326
OK. That's the very last task.