Tor  0.4.7.0-alpha-dev
malloc Directory Reference

lib/malloc: Wrappers and utilities for memory management.

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Files

file  malloc.c [code]
 Wrappers for C malloc code, and replacements for items that may be missing.
 
file  malloc.h [code]
 Headers for util_malloc.c.
 
file  map_anon.c [code]
 Manage anonymous mappings.
 
file  map_anon.h [code]
 Headers for map_anon.c.
 

Detailed Description

lib/malloc: Wrappers and utilities for memory management.

Tor imposes a few light wrappers over C's native malloc and free functions, to improve convenience, and to allow wholescale replacement of malloc and free as needed.

You should never use 'malloc', 'calloc', 'realloc, or 'free' on their own; always use the variants prefixed with 'tor_'. They are the same as the standard C functions, with the following exceptions:

We define additional general-purpose memory allocation functions as well:

And specific-purpose functions as well:

Why assert on allocation failure?

Why don't we allow tor_malloc() and its allies to return NULL?

First, it's error-prone. Many programmers forget to check for NULL return values, and testing for malloc() failures is a major pain.

Second, it's not necessarily a great way to handle OOM conditions. It's probably better (we think) to have a memory target where we dynamically free things ahead of time in order to stay under the target. Trying to respond to an OOM at the point of tor_malloc() failure, on the other hand, would involve a rare operation invoked from deep in the call stack. (Again, that's error-prone and hard to debug.)

Third, thanks to the rise of Linux and other operating systems that allow memory to be overcommitted, you can't actually ever rely on getting a NULL from malloc() when you're out of memory; instead you have to use an approach closer to tracking the total memory usage.

Conventions for your own allocation functions.

Whenever you create a new type, the convention is to give it a pair of x_new() and x_free_() functions, named after the type.

Calling x_free(NULL) should always be a no-op.

There should additionally be an x_free() macro, defined in terms of x_free_(). This macro should set its lvalue to NULL. You can define it using the FREE_AND_NULL macro, as follows:

#define x_free(ptr) FREE_AND_NULL(x_t, x_free_, (ptr))